Validation of an instrument to evaluate the satisfaction of the professional practice in pertaining students to the program of Nutrition and Dietary / Validación de un instrumento para evaluar la satisfacción de la práctica profesional en estudiantes pertenecientes a la carrera de Nutrición y Dietética Introducción

Professional practice is a relevant process for the personal and academic development of students. It uses learning contexts located in real scenarios and enables the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies necessary for professional practice. Objective. To design and validate an instrument designed to evaluate students' satisfaction with theirprofessional practice process. Materials and methods. Mixed-method study, non-probabilistic sample by convenience of 196 participants. The sample is formed by 20 Nutritionists and 176 students belonging to the Nutrition and Dietetics undergraduate program. The statistical software SPSS version 22 was used to analyze reliability by Cronbach's alpha and the Delphi method for content validity. An instrument with 32 items grouped in 4 dimensions was elaborated and applied to 116 students to analyze reliability. The instrument was adjusted to 25 items, and content validity was analyzed by a panel of experts. The judge'sconsensus was the foundation for developing a 29-item version grouped into 4 dimensions. This version was applied to 60 students to obtainCronbach's alpha validation. Results. The instrument presents an excellent level of reliability, with a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.927. Conclusions. The instrument designed to measure satisfaction with professional practices is a reliable and valid measure, since it allows knowing the students 'evaluation at the end of their professional practice process(AU)

La práctica profesional es un proceso relevante para el desarrollo personal y académico de los estudiantes, utiliza contextos de aprendizaje situados en escenarios reales, posibilita la adquisición de conocimientos, habilidades y competencias necesarias para el ejercicio profesional. Objetivo. Diseñar y validar un instrumento, que permita evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes sobre su proceso de práctica profesional. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de tipo mixto, muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 196 participantes, distribuidos en 20 Nutricionistas y 176 estudiantes pertenecientes a la carrera de Nutrición y Dietética. Sé utilizó el software estadístico SPSS versión 22, para analizar la confiabilidad por Alfa de Cronbach y el método Delphi para la validez del contenido. Se elaboró un instrumento con 32 ítems agrupados en 4 dimensiones, se aplicó a 116 estudiantes para analizar la confiabilidad. Se ajustó el instrumento a 25 ítems, se analizó la validez del contenido por panel de expertos. El consenso de los jueces dio origen a una versión, con 29 ítems agrupados en 4 dimensiones, se aplicó finalmente a 60 estudiantes para obtener el Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. El instrumento presenta un nivel excelente de confiabilidad, con un coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach de 0.927. Conclusiones. El instrumento diseñado para medir la satisfacción de las prácticas profesionales, es una medida confiable y válida, ya que permite conocer la valoración de los estudiantes al finalizar su proceso de práctica profesional(AU)

Lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors in the ethnic and non-ethnic population > 15 years of age: results from the National Chilean Health Survey 2016-2017.

Introduction: Background: lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors information is scarce regarding youth and adults of Latin-American ethnics. Objective: the primary aim was to describe the lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors for arterial hypertension (HTN) and diabetes in ethnic Latin-American groups (Mapuche and Aymara) and other non-ethnics > 15 years of age in the Chilean population. A secondary aim was to determine the association between physical activity 'intensity' with HTN and diabetes markers. Material and methods: a representative sample from the National Chilean Health Survey 2016-2017, included Mapuche (EG-Map; women n = 166, men n = 300; total n = 466), Aymara (EG-Aym; women n = 96, men n = 55; total n = 151), and a non-ethnic population group (No-EG; women n = 2057, men n = 3445; total n = 5502). The main outcomes were; systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose (GL), and secondary outcomes were other anthropometric, lipid profile, and lifestyle parameters. Results: GL was significantly associated with nutrition (0.9 %, p < 0.0001), tobacco and alcohol habits (0.6 %, p < 0.0001). SBP was significantly associated with nutrition (whole-grains 0.04, p = 0.001; water consumption 0.07, p < 0.0001), sleep hygiene (week 0.04, p = 0.030; on weekends -0.04, p = 0.026), and alcohol consumption (-0.06, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: in conclusion, lifestyle differences among Mapuche and Aymara ethnic groups in comparison with non-ethnic Chilean peers > 15 years are significantly associated with blood pressure and glycemia.

Introducción: Antecedentes: la información sobre estilos de vida y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico es escasa en jóvenes y adultos de etnia latinoamericana. Objetivo: el objetivo principal fue describir el estilo de vida y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico para la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la diabetes en grupos étnicos latinoamericanos (Mapuche y Aymara) y otros no étnicos > 15 años de la población chilena. Un objetivo secundario fue determinar la asociación de la "intensidad" de la actividad física con la HTA y los marcadores de diabetes. Material y métodos: muestra representativa de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile 2016-2017, compuesta por mapuches (EG-Map; mujeres n = 166, hombres n = 300; total n = 466), aymaras (EG-Aym; mujeres n = 96, hombres n = 55; total n = 151) y un grupo poblacional no étnico (No-GE; mujeres n = 2057, hombres n = 3445; total n = 5502). Las principales evaluaciones fueron la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), la presión arterial diastólica (PAD) y la glucosa plasmática en ayunas (GL), y los resultados secundarios fueron otros parámetros antropométricos, del perfil lipídico y del estilo de vida. Resultados: la GL se asoció significativamente a los hábitos nutricionales (0,9 %, p < 0,0001) y los hábitos de tabaco y alcohol (0,6 %, p < 0,0001). La PAS se asoció significativamente con la nutrición (cereales integrales 0,04, p = 0,001; consumo de agua 0,07, p < 0,0001), higiene del sueño (semana 0,04, p = 0,030; fines de semana -0,04, p = 0,026) y consumo de alcohol (- 0,06, p < 0,0001). Conclusión: en conclusión, las diferencias de estilo de vida entre las etnias mapuche y aymara en comparación con sus pares chilenos no étnicos mayores de 15 años se asocian significativamente con la presión arterial y la glucemia.

The association between modifiable lifestyle behaviour in Latin-American schoolchildren with abdominal obesity and excess weight. A comparison of Chile and Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to determine the association of lifestyle (i.e., Mediterranean diet [MD] adherence, physical activity [PA], screen time [ST]) and fitness with abdominal obesity (AO) and excess weight in the Chilean and Colombian schoolchildren. RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: This cross-sectional study included 969 schoolchildren, girls (n=441, 5.24±0.80 years old) and boys (n=528, 5.10±0.78 years old) from Chile (n=611) and Colombia (n=358). The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), MD adherence, PA, ST and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were evaluated. The association of AO and anthropometric variables with lifestyle was estimated through multiple linear regression. To determine the association between AO and lifestyle, a logistic regression and the inclusion of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used. RESULTS: Worse CRF in Chilean children were positively correlated with WC. Excess weight in Chilean and Colombian children was positively associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. In Chilean children unhealthy lifestyle was also associated with AO based on WC≥85th percentile and AO based on WtHR≥85th percentile. In Chilean children, excess weight (BMI≥85th percentile) was positively associated with poor MD adherence. CONCLUSION: AO and excess weight were associated with an unhealthy lifestyle in Latin-American schoolchildren. Interventions to reduce the prevalence of AO should include promoting healthier lifestyle choices (i.e., increasing PA after school, reducing ST and improving CRF).

Lifestyle mediates the relationship between self-esteem and health-related quality of life in Chilean schoolchildren.

A healthy lifestyle, including food habits, physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST), is an important factor for well-being. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the association between lifestyle (i.e., PA, ST and food habits), self-esteem and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A second objective was to determine the association between self-esteem with HRQoL, considering the mediating effect of lifestyle. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed, involving both girls (n = 282, 11.86 ± 0.82 years) and boys (n = 352, 12.02 ± 0.87 years). Lifestyle, self-esteem, HRQoL and anthropometrics parameters were evaluated. The study reported that self-esteem (ß; 0.04, P = 0.49) and PA (ß; 1.15, P < 0.001) had positive association with HRQoL. By contrast,ST was linked in an inverse way to HRQoL (ß; -1.82,, P < 0.001). According to the second objective, self-esteem had a significant association with HRQoL (total effect = 0.48, p < 0.01), and ST mediated this association negatively, instead, PA and food habits positively mediated this association. In conclusion, self-esteem presented association with HRQoL and lifestyle mediates this relationship positively (PA, MD adherence) and negatively (ST). Therefore, promoting healthy lifestyle among children should be a target of community- and school-based interventions to promote well-being.

Association between relative handgrip strength and abdominal obesity, type-2 diabetes and hypertension in a Mexican population.

INTRODUCTION: Background: handgrip strength (HGS) is a health-status parameter associated with multicomorbidity in the adult population. Objective: the aim of the present study was to determine the association between HGS (i.e., absolute and relative) and abdominal obesity (AO), type-2 diabetes (T2D), and hypertension (HT), as well as to determine the association between low relative HGS with the presence of multicomorbidity (i.e., the co-occurrence of two or more comorbidities together) in a Mexican population. Methodology: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 860 participants from the south of Mexico (661 women and 199 men). The age range evaluated was from 18 to 65 years. Assessments were made of sociodemographic data, clinical history, anthropometric parameters, and measurement of maximal HGS. Results: the regression models adjusted by age show that the presence of comorbidities (i.e., AO, HT and T2D) was linked negatively to HGS (i.e., absolute and relative). Moreover, in men, a low relative HGS in both hands reported an association with the presence of three simultaneous comorbidities (right, RR: 17.2, p < 0.001; left, RR: 11.92, p = 0.020). In women the same association was found (right, RR: 10.42, p < 0.001; left, RR: 9.90, p < 0.001). Conclusion: lower levels of relative HGS were linked to the presence of simultaneous comorbidities (i.e., the joint presence of AO, T2D and HT). Furthermore, HGS (i.e., absolute and relative) presented an inverse association with individual anthropometric and clinical parameters related to cardiovascular risk in the Mexican population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la fuerza prensil de la mano (FPM) es un parámetro asociado con la multicomorbilidad en la población adulta. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre la FPM (absoluta y relativa) y la obesidad abdominal (OA), la diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) y la hipertensión (HT), así como su asociación con la multicomorbilidad (co-occurrencia de dos o más comorbilidades conjuntas) en una población mexicana. Metodología: se presenta un estudio transversal realizado en 860 participantes del sur de México (661 mujeres y 199 hombres). El rango de edad de los participantes fue de 18 a 65 años. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas de la población, los parámetros clínicos y antropométricos, y la medición de la FPM máxima. Resultados: los resultados demostraron una asociación entre la disminución de la FPM (absoluta y relativa) y la presencia de comorbilidades (OA, DT2 e HT). En los hombres, la disminución de la FPM relativa reportada en ambas manos se asoció con la presencia simultánea de tres comorbilidades (derecha, RR: 17,2, p < 0,001; izquierda, RR: 11,92, p = 0,020). Se observó una asociación similar también en las mujeres (derecha, RR: 10,42, p < 0,001; izquierda, RR: 9,90, p < 0,001). Conclusión: los bajos niveles de FPM relativa se asocian con la presencia simultánea de comorbilidades (presencia conjunta de OA, DT2 y HT). Además, la FPM (absoluta y relativa) se relaciona negativamente con los parámetros clínicos y antropométricos relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular en la población mexicana.

Association between the Sociodemographic Characteristics of Parents with Health-Related and Lifestyle Markers of Children in Three Different Spanish-Speaking Countries: An Inter-Continental Study at OECD Country Level.

The purpose of this cross-cultural study was to determine the association between the sociodemographic background of a child's parents (i.e., their socioeconomic level, marital status, and educational level) with the child's lifestyle (i.e., Mediterranean diet (MD), physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST)), and health markers. Material: This cross-sectional study included 1273 children, from Chile (n = 496), Colombia (n = 340), and Spain (n = 437). The sociodemographic information together with the lifestyle and health markers of the children were measured. There was an inverse association between a low or medium-low socioeconomic level for the parents of Chilean children and handgrip strength (ß -0.61, p < 0.001); meanwhile, for Spanish children, an inverse association between a low or medium-low socioeconomic level and PA after school (ß -0.58, p = 0.016), lifestyle (ß -0.74, p = 0.015), and with MD adherence (ß -0.86, p = 0.004) was found. The risk (i.e., by odd ratios (OR)) of being divorced/separated parents marital status showed an inverse association with abdominal obesity (OR 0.21, p = 0.045) in Spanish children; however, the parent's marital status and a low educational level were risk factors for the suffering of a low nutritional level in Colombian children (OR 2.02, p = 0.048; OR 2.49, p < 0.001, respectively). On the other hand, a low educational level for parents reported for Chilean children had a positive association with ST of ≥4 h per day (OR 1.82, p = 0.020). In conclusion, in Spanish-speaking children, the lifestyle and health markers of the children are affected by the sociodemographic background of their parents; however, these effects could be moderated by the socio-cultural and economic status of their countries as members of the OCDE; therefore, it is essential to develop policies that decrease these gaps, so that children who are under-resourced can reach their full potential.

Lifestyle and Sociodemographic Parameters Associated with Mental and Physical Health during COVID-19 Confinement in Three Ibero-American Countries. A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with sociodemographic parameters and lifestyle during COVID-19 confinement in Mexico, Chile, and Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional pilot study, with 742 observations of online surveys in 422, 190, and 130 individuals from Mexico, Chile, and Spain, respectively. Sociodemographic data, presence of comorbidities, food habits, and physical activity (PA) patterns were evaluated. The HRQoL was evaluated according to the SF-36 Health Survey. The multilinear regression analysis was developed to determine the association of variables with HRQoL and its physical and mental health dimensions. RESULTS: The female sex in the three countries reported negative association with HRQoL (Mexico: ß -4.45, p = 0.004; Chile: ß -8.48, p < 0.001; Spain: ß -6.22, p = 0.009). Similarly, bad eating habits were associated negatively with HRQoL (Mexico: ß -6.64, p < 0.001; Chile: ß -6.66, p = 0.005; Spain: ß -5.8, p = 0.032). In Mexico, PA limitations presented a negative association with HRQoL (ß -4.71, p = 0.011). In Chile, a sedentary lifestyle (h/day) was linked negatively with HRQoL (ß -0.64, p = 0.005). In Spain, the highest associations with HRQoL were the presence of comorbidity (ß -11.03, p < 0.001) and smoking (ß -6.72, p = 0.02). Moreover, the PA limitation in Mexico (ß -5.67, p = 0.023) and Chile (ß -9.26, p = 0.035) was linked negatively with mental health. CONCLUSIONS: The bad eating habits, PA limitations, female sex, comorbidity presence, and smoking were parameters linked negatively with HRQoL.

Association between Creativity and Memory with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Lifestyle among Chilean Schoolchildren.

The objective was to investigate the association between creativity and memory with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; i.e., CFR classification and V˙O2max); lifestyle parameters (i.e., physical activity (PA), sleep duration, screen time (ST), and food habits); and anthropometric measures (i.e., body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)) among Chilean schoolchildren. A total of 248 schoolchildren (137 boys, 111 girls, 11.80 ± 1.17 and 11.58 ± 1.09 years, respectively) participated in the cross-sectional study. Creativity, memory, concentration, and selective attention and lifestyle (PA, ST, sleep duration, and Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence) were measured using a standard questionnaire. CRF (measured by the 20 m shuttle run test and expressed as maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) and anthropometric measures (BMI and WC) were also included. Creativity showed a positive association with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min) (ß; 0.209, 95% CI; 0.02-0.40, p = p < 0.05) and MD Adherence (score) (ß; 0.206, 95% CI; 0.01; 0.74, p = p < 0.05). Long-term memory reported a positive association with CRF (ß; 1.076, 95% CI; 0.02-2.13, p = p < 0.05). An increase in CRF levels, together with healthy food habits and normal nutritional status, should be a target for community- and school-based interventions to promote cognitive development in creativity and memory among schoolchildren.

The social and psychological health of children is associated with Mediterranean diet adherence items, cardiorespiratory fitness, and lifestyle.

INTRODUCTION: Background: Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, physical activity (PA) patterns, and physical fitness are associated with physical, social, and psychological health in children. Objective: the purpose of this study was to determine the association of items of MD adherence, fitness components, and lifestyle with psychological and social health in Chilean schoolchildren. Material and methods: this cross-sectional study included 615 schoolchildren, both girls (n = 271, 11.7 ± 1.00 years old) and boys (n = 344, 11.8 ± 1.1 years old). Anthropometric parameters, fitness components, lifestyle, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and self-esteem were measured. Results: HRQoL showed an association with cardiorespiratory fitness (ß: 0.12, p < 0.001) and PA (ß: 0.32, p = 0.023). Self-esteem was inversely associated with screen time (ß: -1.35, p < 0.001). Moreover, social health presented a positive association with PA after school (ß: 0.06, p = 0.037). In relation to MD adherence items, HRQoL was linked to the items "Takes a fruit or fruit juice every day" (ß: 1.93, p = 0.004) and "Consumes fresh or cooked vegetables ˃ 1 time/day" (ß: 1.12, p = 0.018). Self-esteem was associated to "Consumes a dairy product ˃ 1 time/day" (ß: 3.30, p = 0.030). Social health was inversely related to "Eats at a fast food restaurant ≥ 1 time/week" (ß: -0.26, p = 0.003) and positively to "Consumes pasta or rice almost every day" (ß: 0.35, p = 0.049). Conclusion: MD adherence items, fitness, and lifestyle were linked to psychological and social health, therefore it is necessary to develop preventive strategies for schoolchildren to change in a positive way these modifiable lifestyle behaviors.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM), los patrones de actividad física (AF) y la condición física están asociados a la salud física, social y psicológica de los niños. Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre ítems de adherencia a la DM, componentes de la condición física y el estilo de vida con la salud psicológica y social de los escolares chilenos. Material y métodos: este estudio transversal incluyó a 615 escolares, niñas (n = 271, 11,7 ± 1,00 años) y niños (n = 344, 11,8 ± 1,1 años). Se midieron parámetros antropométricos, componentes de la condición física, estilo de vida, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) y autoestima. Resultados: la CVRS mostró asociación con la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (ß: 0,12, p < 0,001) y la PA (ß: 0,32, p = 0,023). La autoestima, por su parte, se relacionó de manera inversa con el tiempo frente a la pantalla (ß: -1,35, p < 0,001). Además, la salud social presentó una asociación positiva con la AF después de la escuela (ß: 0,06, p = 0,037). En relación a los ítems de adherencia a la DM, la CVRS se vinculó a los ítems "Toma una fruta o jugo de fruta todos los días" (ß: 1,93, p = 0,004) y "Consume verduras frescas o cocidas ˃ 1 vez/día" (ß: 1,12, p = 0,018). La autoestima se asoció a "Consume un producto lácteo ˃ 1 vez/día" (ß: 3,30, p = 0,030). La salud social se vinculó inversamente con "Come en un restaurante de comida rápida ≥ 1 vez/semana" (ß: -0,26, p = 0,003) y positivamente con "Consume pasta o arroz casi todos los días" (ß: 0,35, p = 0,049). Conclusión: los ítems de adherencia a la DM, la condición física y el estilo de vida se relacionaron con la salud psicológica y social de los escolares, por lo que es necesario desarrollar estrategias preventivas para modificar de manera positiva estas conductas de estilo de vida modificables.

Effects of Olympic Combat Sports on Health-Related Quality of Life in Middle-Aged and Older People: A Systematic Review.

Olympic combat sports are unconventional physical activity strategies to train middle-aged and older people with and without health problems. This systematic review aimed to assess the available body of published peer-reviewed articles related to the effects of Olympic combat sports interventions (boxing, fencing, judo, karate, taekwondo, wrestling) on health-related quality of life in adults aged 45 and older. The search was carried out in five generic databases until July 2021 and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42021244161). The PRISMA guidelines were followed and the Downs and Black checklist was used to assessed the methodological quality of the studies. After reviewing 1,151 records, only seven studies met the inclusion criteria, adding 212 participants (43.4% female) with a mean age of 63.7 years. Six studies (two with middle-aged participants and four with older people) provided data to calculate the effect size (ES) in the Olympic combat sports groups (No research that used taekwondo or wrestling as an intervention modality was found). Three studies reported beneficial changes with a small ES for the total score (d < 0.40) of the health-related quality of life. Two studies reported a beneficial change with a small ES (d = 0.49) and strong ES (d = 4.45) for physical health. One study reported improvements with a small ES for emotional (d = 0.23) and functional (d = 0.26) well-being. In conclusion, interventions based on Olympic combat sports produce beneficial effects with a small and moderate ES on health-related quality of life in male and female aged 45 and older who are healthy participants, participants with Parkinson's disease, and participants with breast cancer. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, PROSPERO: CRD42021244161.

Positive and Negative Changes in Food Habits, Physical Activity Patterns, and Weight Status during COVID-19 Confinement: Associated Factors in the Chilean Population.

The association between the changes in lifestyle during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confinement and body weight have not been studied deeply. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine lifestyle changes, such as eating habits and physical activity (PA) patterns, caused by confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze its association with changes in body weight. Seven hundred participants (women, n = 528 and men, n = 172) aged between 18-62 years old of the Chilean national territory participated in the study. Food habits, PA, body weight, and sociodemographic variables were measured through a survey in May and June 2020. The body weight increase presented positive association with the consumption of fried foods ≥ 3 times per week (OR; 3.36, p < 0.001), low water consumption (OR; 1.58, p = 0.03), and sedentary time ≥6 h/day (OR; 1.85, p = 0.01). Conversely, fish consumed (OR; 0.67, p = 0.03), active breaks (OR; 0.72, p = 0.04), and PA ≥ 4 times per week (OR; 0.51, p = 0.001) presented an inverse association with body weight increase. Daily alcohol consumption (OR; 4.77, p = 0.003) was associated with PA decrease. Food habits, PA, and active breaks may be protective factors for weight increase during COVID-19 confinement.

Negative feelings and behaviour are associated with low nutritional level, unhealthy lifestyle, and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean schoolchildren.

INTRODUCTION: Background: feelings and behaviours are an important tool that should be considered to prevent early unhealthy lifestyles. Objective: the objective was to determine the association between feelings (i.e., sadness, loneliness, and school behaviour) with lifestyle (i.e., physical activity patterns and nutritional level), and as secondary endpoint to determine the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and lifestyle with obesity and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors in Latin American schoolchildren. Methods: this cross-sectional study included a sample of 634 schoolchildren (girls, n = 282, 11.86 ± 0.82 years, and boys, n = 352, 12.02 ± 0.87 years) from publics schools in Chile. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), body fat (BF), lifestyle, nutritional level, HRQoL, and CMR (i.e., WtHR > 0.5) were evaluated. Results: schoolchildren who have felt sadness and loneliness presented an association with low nutritional level (OR: 4.26, 95 % CI: 2.0-9.0, p < 0.001, and OR: 4.47, 95 % CI: 2.5-7.9, p < 0.001, respectively), bad lifestyle (OR: 2.14, 95 % CI: 1.0-4.54, p = 0.048, and OR: 1.78, 95 % CI: 1.01-3.1, p = 0.045, respectively), and obesity (OR: 2.0, 95 % CI; 0.89-4.54, p = 0.09, and OR: 2.05, 95 % CI; 1.04-4.0, p = 0.037, respectively). Schoolchildren who have had enough time for themselves reported an association with bad lifestyle (OR: 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.47-1.02, p = 0.06), and those who have could not pay attention presented the highest association with bad lifestyle (OR: 4.64, 95 % CI: 72-12.56, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Latin American schoolchildren who have felt sadness and loneliness reported unhealthy lifestyles (i.e., lower nutritional level, increased screen time, and low physical activity), obesity, and thus a higher CMR burden.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: los sentimientos y los comportamientos son una herramienta importante que se debe tener en cuenta para prevenir el estilo de vida poco saludable. Objetivo: el objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre los sentimientos (es decir, tristeza, soledad y comportamiento escolar) con el estilo de vida (es decir, los patrones de actividad física y el nivel nutricional), y el segundo objetivo fue determinar la relación entre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) y el estilo de vida con la obesidad y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (CMR) en escolares latinoamericanos. Métodos: este estudio transversal incluyó una muestra de 634 escolares (niñas, n = 282, 11,86 ± 0,82 años y niños, n = 352, 12,02 ± 0,87 años) de escuelas públicas de Chile. Se evaluaron el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura (CC), la relación cintura-estatura (RCE), la grasa corporal (GC), el estilo de vida, el nivel nutricional, la CVRS y el CMR (es decir, RCE> 0,5). Resultados: los escolares que han sentido tristeza y soledad presentaron asociación con un bajo nivel nutricional (OR: 4,26, IC 95 %: 2,0-9,0, p < 0,001, y OR: 4,47, IC 95 %: 2,5-7,9, p < 0,001, respectivamente), un mal estilo de vida (OR: 2,14, IC 95 %: 1,0-4,54, p = 0,048 y OR: 1,78, IC 95 %: 1,01-3,1, p = 0,045, respectivamente) y obesidad (OR: 2,0, IC 95 %: 0,89-4,54, p = 0,09 y OR: 2,05, IC 95 %: 1,04-4,0, p = 0,037, respectivamente). Los escolares que han tenido suficiente tiempo para sí mismos informaron la asociación con un mal estilo de vida (OR: 0,69; IC del 95 %: 0,47-1,02, p = 0,06), y los que no han podido prestar atención en la escuela presentaron una mayor asociación con un estilo de vida malo (OR: 4.64, IC 95 %: 72-12,56, p = 0,002). Conclusión: en conclusión, los escolares latinoamericanos que han sentido tristeza y soledad reportaron un estilo de vida poco saludable (es decir, un nivel nutricional más bajo, más tiempo frente a la pantalla y poca actividad física), obesidad y, por lo tanto, mayor CMR.

Lifestyle associated with physical fitness related to health and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Excessive screen time (ST) and lower physical activity (PA) patterns have been reported to have an impact on cardiometabolic risk (CMR); however, their impact on physical fitness needs in-depth study. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between lifestyle (i.e. ST and PA after school) with physical fitness related to health and CMR (i.e. abdominal obesity and hypertension) in Chilean schoolchildren. METHODS: The sample for this cross-sectional study comprised 263 girls (11.87±0.83 years) and 319 boys (12.02±0.88 years). The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WtHR), CMR (WtHR≥0.5), body fat (BF), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), physical fitness, ST (h/day), and PA after school (h/week) were evaluated. RESULTS: Schoolchildren with good lifestyle had a lower BMI, WC, and WtHR (P<0.001) as well as a better VO2max (P<0.001) and standing long jump test (SLJ) (P=0.002). The schoolchildren with bad lifestyle had the highest proportion of students with abdominal obesity (WtHR≥0.5) (30.6%, P=0.009) and hypertension. (40.9%, P<0.001). Likewise, PA after school (ß; -0.02, P=0.002) and cardiorespiratory fitness (ß; -0.02, P=0.002) adjusted by age and sex reported inverse associations with abdominal obesity (WtHR≥0.5). Likewise, ST presented a positive association with SBP (ß; 0.14, P=0.030). Moreover, handgrip strength (ß; -0.17, P=0.010) and SLJ (ß; -0.05, P=0.023) reported inverse associations with SBP. CONCLUSION: In schoolchildren, a bad lifestyle was associated with low physical fitness related to health and CMR (i.e. abdominal obesity and hypertension).

[High intensity interval training increases the utilization of fatty acids in subjects with overweight or obesity. A randomized study]. / El entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad incrementa la utilización de ácidos grasos en sujetos con sobrepeso u obesidad. Un estudio aleatorio.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on fat utilization during exercise needs to be studied in depth. Objective: to determine the effect of HIIT training program in subjects with overweight or obesity on the use of fat during exercise, body composition and cardiovascular variables. The second objective was to compare the variables according to the duration of the program (i.e., 12, 16 and 20 weeks). Material and methods: 30 subjects were studied (age 44.8 ± 11.6 years). Three groups were formed at random, the G1 (12 weeks, n = 12, 48.08 ± 8.20 years), G2 (16 weeks, n = 10, 42.10 ± 11.60 years) and G3 (20 weeks, n = 8, 43.38 ± 15.76 years). All groups performed HIIT 3 times per week. Results: the three groups showed a significant decrease in body fat percentage (p < 0.05), without differences between groups. Similarly, cardiovascular variables did not report differences between groups (p-interaction > 0.05) after the intervention; however, the groups reported a significant decrease systolic blood pressure (p < 0, 05). In the pre vs. post analysis by groups, the three groups showed improvements in VO2max without differences between groups (p-interaction > 0.05). Finally, the three groups increased the fats utilization during exercise (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the program increased fat utilization during exercise, decreased body fat % and improved cardiovascular parameters, however after 12 training weeks it is advisable to apply variations to training to maximize results.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el efecto del entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad (HIIT) sobre la utilización de grasas durante el ejercicio necesita ser estudiado en mayor profundidad. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento HIIT en sujetos con sobrepeso u obesidad sobre la utilización de grasas, la composición corporal y variables cardiovasculares. El segundo objetivo fue comparar las variables de estudio según el tiempo de duración del programa (es decir, 12,16 y 20 semanas). Material y métodos: se estudiaron 30 sujetos (edad, 44,8 ± 11,6 años). Se formaron 3 grupos de forma aleatoria: el G1 realizó 12 semanas (G1, n = 12, 48,08 ± 8,20 años); el G2 realizó 16 semanas (G2, n = 10, 42,10 ± 11,60 años) y el G3 realizó 20 semanas (G3, n = 8, 43,38 ± 15,76 años). Todos los grupos realizaron el mismo protocolo de HIIT 3 veces por semana. Resultados: los tres grupos presentaron una disminución del tanto por ciento de grasa corporal de forma significativa (p < 0,05), sin diferencias entre grupos. Las variables cardiovasculares no reportaron diferencias entre grupos (p interacción > 0,05). Sin embargo, los grupos disminuyeron la presión arterial sistólica (p < 0,05). En el análisis previo frente al posterior, los tres grupos presentaron mejoras en el VO2max, sin diferencias entre grupos (p interacción, > 0,05). Por último, los tres grupos aumentaron la utilización de grasas durante el ejercicio (p < 0,05). Conclusión: el programa incrementó la utilización de grasas durante el ejercicio, disminuyó el tanto por ciento de grasa corporal y se mejoraron parámetros cardiovasculares; sin embargo, después de las 12 semanas es recomendable aplicar variaciones al entrenamiento para maximizar los resultados.

[Foods habits, body image and physical fitness in Chilean schoolchildren according to physical activity level and weight status]. / Hábitos alimentarios, imagen corporal y condición física en escolares chilenos según niveles de actividad física y estatus corporal.

INTRODUCTION: Background: dietary habits and physical activity (PA) patterns play a crucial role in the integral development of children and adolescents. Objective: to compare according PA frequency (i.e., 0,1,2,3 or 4 times / week) and weight status (i.e., normal weight, overweight and obesity), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), body image dissatisfaction and the physical fitness related to health, and as second objective to determine the association between these variables. Methods: 481 schoolchildren, 166 women and 315 men aged between 8 and 15 years (12.10 ± 1.10 years) belonging to public schools of Temuco, Chile participated. They were classified in three groups according PA frequency: group 1, without PA; group 2, PA 1-2 times/week, and group 3, PA 3-4 times/week. Cardio respiratory fitness (CRF), standing jump long test (SJT), handgrip strength, adherence to MD and body image dissatisfaction were measured. Results: Schoolchildren with more days of PA / week reported higher adherence to MD (p = 0.020), VO2max (p < 0.001) and SJT (p < 0.001) than peers. Likewise, schoolchildren with normal weight show more adherence to MD (P <0.001) and lower body image dissatisfaction (p < 0.001). There is a positive association between PA with VO2MAX (B, 1.28, p < 0.001). The gender presented association with body image dissatisfaction (B, 25.51, p = 0.019). Conclusion: the schoolchildren with greater frequency of PA/week, presenting greater adherence to MD and better physical fitness related to health. Keywords.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: los hábitos alimentarios y los patrones de actividad física (AF) juegan un papel crucial en el desarrollo integral de niños y adolescentes. Objetivo: comparar según frecuencia de AF (es decir, 0, 1, 2, 3 o 4 veces/semana) y estatus corporal (es decir, normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad) la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM), la insatisfacción por la imagen corporal y la condición física relacionada con la salud (CF), y, como segundo objetivo, determinar la asociación entre estas variables. Métodos: participaron 481 escolares, 166 mujeres y 315 hombres, de entre 8 y 15 años (12,10 ± 1,10 años) pertenecientes a escuelas pública de la ciudad de Temuco (Chile). Se clasificaron en 3 grupos según la frecuencia de AF: grupo 1, no realiza AF; grupo 2, AF 1-2 veces/semana, y grupo 3: AF 3-4 veces/semana. Se midió la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (CRF), el salto de longitud a pies juntos (SJT), la fuerza prensil, la adherencia a la DM y la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. Resultados: los escolares con más días de AF/semana reportaron mayor adherencia a la DM (p = 0,020), VO2MAX (p < 0,001) y mayor SJT (p < 0,001). Asimismo, los escolares con normopeso presentaron más adherencia a la DM (p < 0,001) y menor grado de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal (p < 0,001). Se aprecia una asociación positiva entre la AF y la CRF (B; 1,28, p < 01001). El género presentó asociación con la insatisfacción de la imagen corporal (B; 25,51, p = 01019). Conclusión: los escolares con mayor frecuencia de AF/semana presentaron mayor adherencia a la DM y mejor CF relacionada a la salud.

Influence of Mediterranean diet adherence, physical activity patterns, and weight status on cardiovascular response to cardiorespiratory fitness test in Chilean school children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the association between Mediterranean diet adherence, physical activity (PA) patterns (i.e., screen time and PA after school), and weight status with the cardiovascular response following a cardiorespiratory fitness test. METHODS: Participants were 605 school children: 272 girls (11.79 ± 0.93 y old) and 333 boys (12.06 ± 1.03 y old). Body mass index, waist circumference (WC), food habits, and PA patterns were evaluated. Heart rate (HR), and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were assessed before and immediately after the 20-m shuttle run test and the changes induced were calculated (Δ = post/pretest). RESULTS: The cardiovascular response was higher in obese than normal weight and overweight children in terms of HR (P = 0.007) and SBP (P < 0.001). The ΔSBP presented inverse association with WC (ß = -0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.17 to -0.01; P = 0.026), food habits (ß = -0.65; 95% CI, -0.81 to -0.49; P < 0.001), PA after school (ß = -7.03; 95% CI, -7.84 to -6.22; P < 0.001) and PA patterns (ß = -5.96; 95% CI, -6.40 to -5.52, P < 0.001). ΔDBP was not associated with food habits or PA patterns (P > 0.005). Finally, ΔHR reported inverse association with PA patterns (ß = -1.67; 95% CI, -3.18 to -0.17; P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: School children with obesity showed a higher cardiovascular response in HR and SBP than normal weight and overweight peers. Moreover, the increment of the SBP presented inverse association with food habits and PA patterns.

Psychological well-being related to screen time, physical activity after school, and weight status in Chilean schoolchildren.

INTRODUCTION: Background: the relationship between physical activity (PA) patterns and mental health in children is receiving considerable attention. Aims: the aim of this study was to compare psychological well-being in groups of schoolchildren according to PA patterns and weight status, and to determinate the association between psychological well-being and both screen time and PA after school. Material and methods: in a cross-sectional sample of girls (n = 272, aged 11.93 ± 0.94 years) and boys (n = 333, aged 12.09 ± 1.00 years), we assessed body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and body fat. Self-esteem, body image dissatisfaction, depression, screen time, and after-school PA were also included. Results: according to PA patterns, there were significant differences between good PA and bad PA groups in self-esteem (p = 0.013) and depression (p = 0.035). BMI was associated with depression (ß: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.53; p < 0.001). Screen time was positively associated with depression (ß: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.32, 1.44; p = 0.002) and inversely associated with self-esteem (ß: -1.12; 95% CI: -1.79, -0.45; p < 0.001). Finally, after-school PA had an inverse association with depression levels (ß: -0.55; 95% CI: 0.10, 1.00; p = 0.016). Conclusion: psychological well-being was associated with screen time, after-school PA and weight status in schoolchildren.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: la relación entre los patrones de actividad física (AF) y la salud mental en los niños está recibiendo una atención considerable. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el bienestar psicológico en grupos de escolares de acuerdo con los patrones de AF y el estado de peso, y determinar la asociación entre el bienestar psicológico y tanto el tiempo frente a la pantalla como la AF después de la escuela. Material y métodos: en una muestra transversal de niñas (n = 272, de 11,93 ± 0,94 años) y niños (n = 333, de 12,09 ± 1,00 años), evaluamos el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura y la grasa corporal. También se incluyeron la autoestima, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, la depresión, el tiempo frente a la pantalla y la AF después de la escuela. Resultados: de acuerdo con los patrones de AF, hubo diferencias significativas entre los buenos niveles de AF y la malos niveles de AF en la autoestima (p = 0,013) y la depresión (p = 0,035). El IMC de los participantes se asoció con depresión (ß: 0,36; IC 95%: 0,19 a 0,53; p < 0,001). El tiempo de pantalla se asoció positivamente con la depresión (ß: 0,88; IC 95%: 0,32 a 1,44; p = 0,002) e inversamente con la autoestima (ß: -1,12; IC 95%: -1,79 a -0,45; p < 0,001). Finalmente, la AF después de la escuela tuvo una asociación inversa con los niveles de depresión (ß: -0,55; IC 95%: 0,10 a 1,00; p = 0.016). Conclusión: el bienestar psicológico se asoció con el tiempo frente a la pantalla, la PA después de la escuela y el estado de peso de los escolares.

Calidad de vida, autoestima, condición física y estado nutricional en adolescentes y su relación con el rendimiento académico / Quality of life, physical fitness and self-esteem and nutritional status in adolescents and their relationship with academic performance

El rendimiento académico (RA) es condicionado por diversos factores, destacándose la autoestima y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) como factores influyentes. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la asociación entre el estado nutricional, la condición física, la autoestima y la CVRS con el RA en adolescentes. En este estudio de corte transversal participaron hombres (n= 219, 15,82±1,37años) y mujeres (n=200, ± 15,23±0,85 años) de entre 14 y 17 años de edad. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) la circunferencia de cintura (CC), la razón cintura estatura (RCE), la condición física, la autoestima, CVRS y el RA fueron evaluados. En la comparación de los niveles de autoestima, CVRS y RA acorde al estado nutricional, los escolares con obesidad tienen menor puntaje CVRS (P=0,001), del mismo modo la autoestima fue menor en los escolares con sobrepeso y obesos en comparación con sus pares normopeso (P=0,013). En relación al RA no existieron diferencias según estado nutricional (P>0,05). El RA presentó relación positiva con la condición física, la autoestima y la CVRS (P<0,05). Los adolescentes con obesidad presentaron menor CVRS que sus pares con sobrepeso y normopeso, además el RA se ve relacionada con la condición física, la autoestima y la CVRS, por tal motivo es importante incorporar estrategias en los establecimientos educacionales que mejoren esta condición y aporten al desarrollo integral de los escolares(AU)

Academic performance (AP) is conditioned by several factors and the self-esteem and health related to quality of life (HRQoL) are influential factors. The objective of the research was to determine the association between the nutritional levels, physical fitness, self-esteem and HRQoL with AP in adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, men (n = 219, 15.82 ± 1.37 years) and women (n = 200, ± 15.23 ± 0.85 years) between 14 and 17 years of age participated. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), height waist ratio (WtHR), physical fitness, self-esteem, HRQoL and AP were evaluated. In the comparison of the levels of self-esteem, HRQoL and AP according to the nutritional status, the schoolchildren with obesity have a lower HRQoL (P = 0.001), in the same way the self-esteem was lower in the overweight and obese schoolchildren in comparison with their normal weight peers (P = 0.013). In relation to AP, there were no differences according to nutritional status (P> 0.05). The AP presented a positive relationship with physical condition, self-esteem and HRQoL (P <0.05). The adolescents with obesity had lower HRQoL than their overweight and normal weight peers, in addition AP is related to physical condition, self-esteem and HRQoL, for this reason it is important to incorporate strategies in educational establishments that improve this condition and contribute to the integral development of school children(AU)

Response of obese schoolchildren to high-intensity interval training applied in the school context. / Respuesta en escolares con obesidad al ejercicio intervalado de alta intensidad aplicado en el contexto escolar.

BACKGROUND: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been widely used to fight cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents and adults, but no data are available on its applicability in children. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of HIIT on different anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters of overweight and obese children aged 7-9 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four groups were formed: 1) an overweight control group (OWCG, n=30, BMI=21.60±3.72kg/m2); 2) an obesity control group (OCG, n=34, BMI=23.92±3.11kg/m2); 3) an overweight intervention group (OWIG, n=69, BMI=20.01±1.88kg/m2), and 4) an obesity intervention group (OIG, n=141, BMI=24.12±2.66kg/m2). BMI, body fat (BF), waist circumference, height-waist ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS: There were significant differences in BMI (P<.001), BF (P<.001), and CRF (P<.001) between the groups (control vs. intervention) before and after intervention (OWCG vs. OWIG and OCG vs. OIG). BMI decreased in the OWIG (BMI, 20.01±1.88 at baseline vs. 19.00±2.02 after HIIT, P<.001) and OIG (BMI, 24.12±2.66 at baseline vs. 23.23±3.23 after HIIT, P<.001) groups. Similarly, BF decreased in the OWIG (BF, 21.84±4.97 at baseline vs. 19.55±4.81% after HIIT, P<.001) and OIG (BF, 30.26±11.49 at baseline vs. 26.81±6.80% after HIIT, P<.001) groups. CRF improved in both intervention groups (P<.001). There was a significant decrease in the prevalence rate of schoolchildren with obesity (from 66.4% to 49.6%) (P<.001). CONCLUSION: The intervention conducted in the school setting improved the anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters of schoolchildren, and also allowed for reducing the proportion of schoolchildren with obesity.

Relationship in obese Chilean schoolchildren between physical fitness, physical activity levels and cardiovascular risk factors.

INTRODUCTION: Background: obesity and lower physical fitness levels in children are related to the development of cardiometabolic risk factors. Objective: to determine the relationship between health-related physical fitness and physical activity levels, blood pressure, and anthropometric parameters for different weight statuses of Chilean schoolchildren. Material and methods: the participants were 272 girls and 333 boys having a mean age of 12.00 ± 1.23 years. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), standing long jump test (SLJ), handgrip strength, physical activity (PA) levels, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body fat (BF) were measured. To establish the relationship between the variables, partial correlations adjusted by sex were carried out and the Chi-square test was applied to compare the proportions between groups. Results: VO2max (p < 0.001) was higher in schoolchildren of normal weight. SBP and DBP were higher in obese schoolchildren (p < 0.001). Physical fitness was inversely related to SBP: VO2max (r = -0.26, p < 0.001), SLJ (r = -0.11, p = 0.007) and handgrip strength (r = -0.10, p = 0.021), and had a positive relationship with PA: VO2max (r = 0.31, p < 0.001), SLJ (r = 0.18, p < 0.001), and handgrip strength (r = 0.26, p < 0.001). Moreover, VO2max and SLJ were inversely related to BMI and WC (p < 0.05). The group of obese schoolchildren contained the highest percentage of individuals with hypertension (p < 0.001). Conclusion: the results obtained in this study show that physical fi tness has an inverse relationship with SBP and a positive relationship with PA levels. Besides, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and SLJ are inversely associated with the predictors of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Finally, obese children presented lower physical fitness and included a higher proportion of individuals with hypertension.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: la obesidad y bajos niveles de condición física en niños están relacionados con el desarrollo de factores de riesgo cardiometabólico. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la condición física relacionada con la salud y los niveles de actividad física, la presión arterial y los parámetros antropométricos, comparando según el estatus corporal en escolares chilenos. Material y métodos: los participantes fueron 272 niñas y 333 niños con una edad promedio de 12,00 ± 1,23 años. El consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max), la prueba de salto de longitud (SLJ), la fuerza de la empuñadura, los niveles de actividad física (AF), la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), la presión arterial diastólica (PAD), el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de la cintura (WC) y la grasa corporal (BF) fueron evaluados. Para establecer la relación entre las variables, se llevaron a cabo correlaciones parciales ajustadas por sexo y se aplicó la prueba de Chi cuadrado para comparar las proporciones entre los grupos. Resultados: el VO2max (p < 0,001) fue más alto en escolares de peso normal. El PAS y el PAD fueron más altos en escolares obesos (p < 0,001). La aptitud física estaba inversamente relacionada con la PAS: VO2max (r = -0,26, p < 0,001), SLJ (r = -0,11, p = 0,007) y la fuerza de la empuñadura (r = -0,10, p = 0,021) y la relación positiva con PA: VO2max (r = 0,31, p < 0,001), SLJ (r = 0,18, p < 0,001), fuerza de la empuñadura (r = 0,26, p < 0,001). Además, VO2max y SLJ estaban inversamente relacionados con el IMC y el CC (p < 0,05). En los escolares obesos se presentó el mayor porcentaje de individuos con hipertensión (p < 0,001). Conclusión: en conclusión, los resultados obtenidos en este estudio informan de que la condición física presenta una relación inversa con la PAS y relación positiva con los niveles de AF. Además, CRF y SLJ se asociaron inversamente con predictores de factores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares. Finalmente, los niños obesos presentaron una menor condición física y una mayor proporción de individuos con hipertensión.